Code division multiple access system providing load and interference based demand assignment service to users

ABSTRACT

A code division multiple access system provides a way of allocating an increased data rate to a requesting mobile station. A mobile station requesting a data rate in excess of the basic data rate sends received pilot strength data for its base station and base stations in adjacent cells. The received pilot strength data is used to determine an increased data rate to be assigned to the requesting mobile station. One feature assigns an increased data rate when the received pilot strength data has a predetermined relationship to an established threshold. Another feature utilizes a series of threshold levels, each pair of levels associated with a different permitted data rate. Using the received pilot strength data, a data rate is determined which satisfies all adjacent cell interference concerns. Another feature uses average adjacent cell capacity loads rather than threshold levels, together with the received pilot strength data, to determine the appropriate increased data rate to be assigned to a user requesting an increased data rate.

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to code division multiple access (CDMA) systemsand, more particularly, to a CDMA system for allocating data rate to auser based on the load and interference of the system.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The advantages of code division multiple access (CDMA) for cellularvoice have become well known. In contrast to orthogonal systems such astime division multiplex access (TDMA) or frequency division multiplexaccess (FDMA), frequency planning or "orthogonality" coordination(channel allocation) between cells and within the same cell are greatlysimplified. The reason is that, unlike TDMA and FDMA where the re-useconstraints must account for the worst case (or 95th percentile)interferer, re-use in CDMA is based on the average interference seenfrom a large number of low power users. Due to this interferenceaveraging property, CDMA simply translates voice activity factor andantenna sectorization into capacity gains. Furthermore, RAKE receiversresolve the multipath components of the spread spectrum signal andtranslate it into diversity gain.

In spite of the advantages, conventional CDMA systems have very limitedper user throughput and are not well suited to "bandwidth on demand"local area network (LAN)-like applications. In fact, current CDMAstandards operate in circuit mode, assume a homogeneous user population,and limit each user to a rate which is a small fraction of the systemcapacity. As mentioned above, CDMA relies on the averaging effect of theinterference from a large number of low-rate (voice or circuit-modedata) users. It relies heavily on sophisticated power control to ensurethat the average interference from all users from an adjacent cell is asmall fraction of the interference from the users within a cell. Theimperfect power control in a homogeneous system has a direct impact onsystem performance.

Moreover, even with perfect power control, users at higher data rates ina system with mixed traffic result in large adjacent cell interferencevariations which drastically degrade the system capacity. This problemhas so far precluded the provision of high data rate services incellular CDMA.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Our inventive Load and Interference based Demand Assignment (LIDA)techniques protect voice (and other high priority or delay sensitive)isochronous users while accommodating the peak data rate needs of highdata rate users when the load on the system permits. More particularly,our method and apparatus provides a code division multiple access systemincluding a plurality of cells, each cell having a base station andmultiple mobile stations, with a way of allocating an increased datarate to a requesting mobile station. Initially, the system receives adata burst request from a mobile station that has an established highburst rate data call in a first cell requesting a data rate in excess ofthe basic data rate B allocated to that mobile station. The data burstrequest includes pilot strength information (e.g., pilot measurementreport message of IS-95) for a base station of the first cell and atleast one cell adjacent to the first cell. Assuming a known level ofload in the first cell, an access controller uses the received pilotstrength to determine if an increased data rate is to be granted to therequesting mobile station. If granted, a data burst assignment responseis transmitted from the access controller to the requesting mobilestation. One feature enables the access controller to compare thereceived pilot strength with a threshold (e.g., an interference levelindicator). When the received pilot strength has a predeterminedrelationship to the threshold, the data burst assignment responseindicates an increased data rate has been granted to the requestingmobile station. When a plurality of adjacent cells (also referred toherein as neighbor cells) exists, the increased data rate is at therequested first data rate when the pilot strengths received from all ofthe base stations at the plurality of adjacent cells do not exceed thethreshold.

Another feature utilizes a series of threshold levels, each associatedwith a different permitted data rate. Using the received pilot strengthinformation, a data rate is determined which satisfies all adjacent cellinterference concerns. According to another feature, average adjacentcell loads are utilized rather than threshold levels, together with thepilot strength information, to determine the appropriate increased datarate to be assigned to a user requesting an increased data rate.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

In the drawing,

FIG. 1 shows a prior art CDMA system in which the present invention maybe utilized;

FIG. 2 shows a block diagram of an illustrative mobile station of theCDMA system of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 shows a block diagram of an illustrative base station of the CDMAsystem of FIG. 1;

FIG. 4 shows a flow diagram describing how a base station provides loadand interference based demand assignment services to a mobile user inaccordance with the present invention;

FIG. 5 shows a flow diagram of how the switch access controllercoordinates a soft handoff between cells;

FIG. 6 shows a flow chart of the autonomous access control feature ofthe present invention;

FIG. 7 shows a flow chart of an enhanced autonomous access controlfeature;

FIG. 8 shows a flow chart of a neighbor coordinated access control;

FIG. 9 shows an illustrative graph of the data rates allowed to a useras a function of distance to the base station; and

FIG. 10 shows an illustrative graph of the received pilot strengthmeasurements versus the data rate multiple m.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION

To curtail the potentially large interference variation in cellular CDMAsystems serving mixed traffic, the present invention incorporatesautonomous and/or coordinated network access control that accounts forchannel loading and interference. It dynamically assigns higher datarates to users while simultaneously adjusting the Quality of Service(QOS) for each user according to service requirements. Higher data ratesare assigned to users by either permitting users to transmit on multiplechannels simultaneously or by using other means, such as variablespreading gains, variable channel coding rate, variable chip rate,varying the modulation (Walsh modulation, coded modulations, BPSK, QPSK. . . ) etc. An elegant scheme that achieves this is Multi-Code CDMA(MC-CDMA) with dynamic demand assignment, described in U.S. Pat. No.5,442,625 entitled "Code Division Multiple Access System ProvidingVariable Data Rate Access" which issued on Aug. 15, 1995 to Richard D.Gitlin and Chih-Lin I. The QOS is adjusted through the power controlwith a target Frame Error Rate (FER) and signal to interference ratio(E_(b) /N₀) on the channel. In this invention, the network uses acontrol strategy that accounts for channel loading, interference, andsoft handoff in making the rate assignment and QOS decisions. It ensurespriority for voice users, if so desired. Thus, dynamic, packet-likedemand-assigned access enables users with different services to accessthe channel at desired rates and QOS requirements.

Our autonomous network access control is referred to herein as the Loadand Interference Based Demand Assignment (LIDA) for providing dynamicdemand-assigned burst access in a wireless CDMA network. LIDA ensuresprotection of voice (and other high priority or delay sensitive)isochronous users, but allows peak rate access by high data rate userswhen the load on the channel permits. With best-effort type QOSguarantees, the high data rate service is best suited for typical LAN-and Wide Area Network WAN-type computer applications (including servicesbased on mobile IP (as discussed by C. Perkins in "IP Mobility Support,"Internet Engineering Task Force, Mar. 21, 1995) and CDPD ("CellularDigital Packet Data System Specification: Release 1.1," CDPD Forum,Inc., Jan. 19, 1995)), less so for high rate applications with stringentreal time constraints.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following description, each item or block of each figure has areference designation associated therewith, the first number of whichrefers to the figure in which that item is first located (e.g., 110 islocated in FIG. 1).

With reference to FIG. 1, we describe a prior art multicode (MC) CDMAsystem. The illustrative MC-CDMA system includes a regular hexagonalgrid of cell sites 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150 and 160, each includinga plurality of mobile stations (e.g, MS1.1-MS1.N) which enables each ofa plurality of users (1-N) to communicate with its associated basestation BS1 within a cell site. Illustratively, cell site 120 includesbase station BS2 and mobile stations MS2.1-MS2.J.

Our LIDA control, as will be described in a later paragraph, may beimplemented in each base station, e.g., BS1-BS2, etc. In one embodimentof the present invention, an access controller 190 is utilized toprovide coordinated access control (FIG. 1) between neighboring basestations (e.g., between BS1 and BS2). In such an arrangement, accesscontroller 190 communicates with all of the base stations to control theassignment of a higher-than-basic data rate and burst length. While theaccess controller 190 is shown in a separate location, it may beco-located with a base station or the central switch.

Radio distance is the effective radio loss that a signal, transmittedfrom a base station, incurs in transit to a mobile station. The receivedpilot power Pi at a mobile station is then P/z_(i), where P is thetransmitted pilot power from each base station and z_(i) is theeffective "radio distance." As a mobile station MS1.1 in cell 100approaches cell 120, the power level of the received pilot from basestation BS2 increases beyond a threshold, T_(add), and the mobilestation will enter "soft handoff." During soft handoff, the mobilestation communicates with both base stations BS1 and BS2. We extend theuse of the pilot measurement to burst access control in this invention.

With reference to FIG. 2, an illustrative block diagram of mobilestation MS1.1 is shown to include a transmitter station 250 and areceiver station 260. Illustrative examples of mobile stations aredescribed in the previously reference U.S. Pat. No. 5,442,625. Thetransmitter station 250 includes a convolutional coder 201 whichreceives digital information (or data signals) from user 1 at a firstdata bit rate. The output of convolutional coder 201 is coupled tointerleaver 202 and then to a Walsh modulator 203, all of which are wellknown in the prior art. The serial-to-parallel (S/P) station 281 isconnected to the output of the Walsh modulator 203 and converts theuser's input digital information stream into M basic data rate serialinformation streams. In the following, we use MC-CDMA as an illustrativemethod of providing higher data rates.

The serial-to-parallel station 281 converts a user's serial digitalinformation input, which may be up to M_(max) times the basic sourcerate B (where M_(max) ·B≦channel rate), into M data streams (where M isan integer ≦M_(max)). The outputs of S/P station 281 connect to codespreaders 204, 224, and 244, which spread each of the M data streams,respectively, into a channel bit rate using codes C₁, C₂, and C_(M)which are unique to user 1. The combiner 254 combines the output of codespreaders 204, 224 and 244. The output signal combiner 254 is coupled tocoders 205 and 206. In coder 205, an in-phase code A_(I) further encodesthe signal from combiner 254. Similarly, coder 206 further encodes thesignal from combiner 254 using a quadrature-phase code A_(Q). The codesA_(I) and A_(Q) are common to all mobile stations of FIG. 1.

The output of coder 205 is used to modulate the carrier signal Cosω_(c)t in modulator 208. The output of coder 206 is used to modulate thecarrier signal Sinω_(c) t in modulator 209. In certain applications, anoptional delay station 207 may be utilized to provide better spectralshaping. The output of modulators 208 and 209 are radio frequencysignals which are combined in combiner 210 and transmitted via antenna211 over the air to a base station (e.g., BS1 of FIG. 1).

A base station (e.g., BS1) transmits at a different carrier frequencywhich is received and decoded by mobile stations MS1.1-MS1.N within itscell site 100. In our illustrative example, receiver 260 of mobilestation MS1.1 includes a demodulator (not shown) to demodulate thecarrier frequency to obtain a channel bit rate signal which is decodedusing codes A_(I) and A_(Q) and then de-spread using the associated codesequence C₁ to obtain the information data signal to be outputted touser 1.

The base station, e.g., BS1, operates in a similar manner to receiver260 of mobile station MS1.1 to receive, decode and de-spread the user 1information data signal. Similarly, the other mobile stations,illustratively represented by mobile station MS1.N, operate in the samemanner as mobile station MS1.1, except that user N has a unique codeC_(N) to distinguish it from user 1. In mobile station MS1.N, thein-phase and quadrature codes A_(I) and A_(Q), respectively, as well asthe carrier frequency f_(c) are the same as those used for mobilestation MS1.1.

With reference to FIG. 3, there is shown an illustrative block diagramof base station BS1. The modulated carrier signal is received at antenna301 and processed by MC-CDMA receiver 302 under control of processor303. The receiver 302 operates in a similar manner to the previouslydescribed MC-CDMA receiver 260 of mobile station MS1.1 of FIG. 2.Similarly, the MC-CDMA transmitter 305 transmits via antenna 311 andoperates in a similar manner to transmitter 250 previously described.

Processor 303, acting under control of programs resident in memory 304,controls the operation of MC-CDMA receiver 302, MC-CDMA transmitter 305performs typical well-known base station functions and may perform forcell 100, as well, some or all of the load and interference based demandassignment (LIDA) function in accordance with the present invention.This LIDA function is shown in FIGS. 4-9 and is described in laterparagraphs. However, the standard functions performed by base stationBS1 which are not pertinent to the understanding of the presentinvention are not discussed herein.

Interference Calculations

With continued reference to FIG. 1, we start by investigating thein-cell and out-of-cell interference caused by a single high rate datauser (using multiple codes). The results confirm the need of our demandassignment coupled with network control algorithms, LIDA. The procedureof LIDA algorithms allowing burst access at rates up to M times thebasic rate is generally based on the following:

the load information in the cell and its neighbors;

the pilot strength measurements provided by the mobile;

coordination of the burst rate, burst length and burst starting timebetween neighbor cells.

Coordination of system resources between data users capable of high bitrate burst mode operation and high priority voice users can be managedthrough LIDA. The LIDA algorithms with various levels of complexity arepresented below. To simplify the discussion, we describe the controlprocedures for the system with a single data user. Procedures formultiple data users are very similar. The control mechanism presentedherein is essential to provide a shared burst mode access mechanism overCDMA and is claimed here as a new invention.

In the following description, we assume a CDMA cellular system of FIG. 1having power control and including only voice users at the variousmobile stations MS1.1-MS1.N, MS2.1-MS2.J. Consider cell site 100: whenonly voice users are served, each in-cell interferer (e.g., MS1.1)causes identical interference at the base station BS1, and thereforeappears to be exactly one user, while the average out-of-cell interferer(e.g., MS2.1), aggregated from all cells, in a regular hexagonal gridcellular system 110-160 appear to be γ users. Assuming a path lossexponent of 4, γ is around 0.5. In a system with N voice users per cell,the total interference at each base station is:

    I.sub.0 =αN(1+γ)                               (1)

where α is the speech activity factor. We use the nominal interference,I₀, in a voice-only system with a capacity of N users per cell, as thereference QOS in the subsequent discussion.

Let us now examine the in-cell interference with a single data user attime `t` transmitting at M times the basic rate (9.6 kbps or 14.4 kbps,depending on the reference system configuration). Assuming a speechactivity factor α around 0.4, under ideal power control, an active datauser is equivalent to 2.5M (=M/α) voice users in its cell. If M=4, thedata user consumes the equivalent resources of 10 voice users; i.e., the"equivalent load" of such a data user is 10. With a typical capacity of15-25 voice users per cell, it is easy to see that a single high ratedata user has a large impact on the cell capacity. (Obviously, a mobilestation data user's activity factor would affect its average demand;however, the demand assignment of a high data rate burst must accountfor the maximum interference generated by the data user during its highdata rate transmission.)

The impact on out-of-cell interference is considered next. In thevoice-only system, where voice users are uniformly distributed in thecells 110-160, most of the out-of-cell interference comes from the usersin other cells (e.g., MS2.1) that are near the cell boundaries 111-161.Due to the large path loss exponent, users further away from theboundary (e.g., MS2.N) contribute little to out-of-cell interference. Asthe high data rate user (e.g., MS1.1), transmitting at M/α times theaverage data rate of a voice user, moves along path 101 closer to theboundary 121, the in-cell interference to BS1 remains at around M/αwhile the out-of-cell interference to BS2, caused by the high rate datauser, rapidly rises beyond what was computed for the voice system.However, to maintain the required Quality of Service (QOS), the totalinterference at each cell must be controlled to be no more than I₀.

To quantify our discussion above, assume there are N_(v) voice users percell and one active (transmitting) high rate data user in the host cell,the total interference in the host cell and in the closest neighboringcell (with respect to that data user) can be expressed as follows:

    I.sub.d (r)=αN.sub.v (1+γ)+Mγ.sub.d (r), (2)

where `r` is the distance from the active high rate data to its hostcell site. γ_(d) (r)=1 for the host cell since it is power controlled bythat cell and γ_(d) (r)≈(2R-r)⁴ /r⁴ for the neighboring cell itapproaches, where R is the cell radius. The access control mechanism forhigh rate data users must satisfy the constraint:

    I.sub.d (r)≦I.sub.0                                 (3)

in both the host cell and the approached neighboring cell. We will seekto adjust N_(v), the number of voice users, or M, the multiple of thebasic data rate B being used by the data user, as a function of `r`, inorder to meet the interference constraints. The issues and ourstrategies are elaborated in the next sections.

Interference Management Using Pilot Strength Measurements

In the above discussion, the out-of-cell interference due to a data useris a function of (2R-r)/r. Hence, the access controller should use theknowledge of the distance of the mobile from the cell site to determinepermitted values of N_(v) and M. There are two issues with using `r` asthe control variable. First, the distance of the mobile from the cellsite cannot be determined accurately. More importantly, although thediscussion of out-of-cell interference above is in terms of the distance`r`, the actual interference is strongly dependent on the shadow fadingconditions in addition to the distance. Hence, control based ongeographic distance is neither optimal nor practical. The presentinvention uses a control based on radio distance, using pilot strengthmeasurements to address both issues. This solution can easily be anintegral part of a CDMA system.

In current CDMA systems, mobile assisted soft handoff is implemented asfollows. The base station provides the mobile with a neighbor list ofpilots. The mobile periodically measures the pilot strength on itsneighbor list and transmits it to the cell site. If the pilot strengthof a base station to which the mobile is not connected is greater than athreshold T_(add), the base station initiates a soft handoff for themobile. The present invention extends the concept of using pilotstrength measurements for soft handoff decisions to using it for accesscontrol of high data rate users.

With reference to FIG. 4, we describe a CDMA system of FIG. 1incorporating our LIDA capability (hereinafter LIDA). In step 401, amobile originates a call requesting high data rate burst mode serviceoption. In step 403, the mobile and base station negotiate the highestmodem rate and the highest burst length for the mobile.

As shown in step 405, each user is assigned a unique primary code, i.e.,C₁, determined as the user-specific PN sequence. When a user isquiescent, 407, a very low rate (say, eighth rate) (sub-rate) signalingchannel is maintained using its primary code. This sub-rate channelhelps in maintaining synchronization and coarse power control. It ismaintained whether the user is "connected" to one base station or is insoft handoff with multiple cells. Since the transmission during eighthrate frames is intermittent, both the synchronization and the powercontrol are inadequate if the quiescent period is long.

Hence, any transmission from the mobile after a long quiescent period407 may be lost. This problem is overcome by requiring the mobile totransmit a synch burst 409 of one (or more) basic rate frame(s) at theend of a "long" quiescent period. Following the synch burst that givesthe receiver time to synchronize and provides power control feedback,the mobile station signals a request 411 for data burst transmissionusing signaling messages over the basic rate (B) channel. Alternately,instead of the synch burst in steps 407, 409, the mobile station couldbe required to transmit the request 411 multiple times.

The access request 411 from the mobile station contains the data raterequested and the burst length requested. The maximum burst length thatmay be requested by mobile is specified by the system (and is chosen tobest coordinate shared access between users). In addition, to provideinterference information to the base station, the access request fromthe mobile includes pilot strength information, e.g., PMRM (for basestations of cells in its neighbor list, for example, MS1.1 would includepilot strength measurements on the base station of cells 110-160).(Note, the inclusion of the pilot strength measurements within theaccess request is independent of (and in addition to) any such reportsused for handling soft handoffs.) The pilot strength measurementsreceived from the mobile (e.g., MS1.1) indicate to the base station(e.g., BS1) the interference levels that that mobile would generate atneighboring base stations (e.g., BS2). This measure of interferenceaccounts for both the distance loss and shadow fading and thus is ameasure of the radio distance to the neighboring base station, and willbe used to make access control decisions of step 413.

Specifically, in the presence of shadow fading, the average interferenceat the cell site for the basic voice-only system is modified fromEquation 1 as described in the article by K. S. Gilhousen et al.entitled "On the Capacity of a Cellular CDMA System" (IEEE Trans. Veh.Technol, Vol. VT-40, No. 2, May 1991, pages 303-312). Let us denote itas I₀ ^(s) =αN(1+γ^(s)) where γ^(s) is the average out-of-cellinterference in the presence of shadow fading. Similarly, in anintegrated voice and data system, the interference factor for a datauser in a neighboring cell is γ_(d) ^(s) (z₁,z₂)=z₁ /z₂, where z₁ and z₂are the path loss of the mobile to the host cell and the neighboringcell, respectively. Note that γ_(d) ^(s) (z₁,z₂)=1 in the case of thehost cell because of power control. The path loss (radio distance) z₁and z₂ include the distance loss component as well as the shadow fadingcomponent. The interference constraint becomes:

    I.sub.d.sup.s (z.sub.1,z.sub.2)=αN.sub.v (1+γ.sup.s)+Mγ.sub.d.sup.s (z.sub.1,z.sub.2) ≦I.sub.0.sup.s.                                    (4)

The values z₁ and z₂ are derived from the pilot strength measurements.

As will be described in FIG. 5, step 413 is performed by an accesscontroller located at the base station (or at one of the base stationsin case of soft handoff) or at a separate location shown by 190 ofFIG. 1. In step 415, this assignment is then transmitted to the mobile.If the scheduled list is longer than the threshold L, the mobile is toldto retry later (Retry Delay) in step 415. The base station selects thevalue of this parameter based upon loading conditions at that basestation. When a mobile receives a delay parameter in a data burstassignment message 415, it initiates such a delay, step 417, beforestarting its transmission of the assigned burst length, step 419, and atthe assigned data rate, step 421. In an alternate embodiment, the mobilemay be required to wait for an explicit BEGIN message to begin high datarate transmission.

With joint reference to FIGS. 1, 4 and 5, we describe how the accesscontroller coordinates a burst access of a mobile station (e.g., MS1.1)during soft handoff from a base station BS1 in cell 100 and a neighborbase station BS2 in cell 120. The steps 409, 411 and 415 proceed aspreviously described. FIG. 5 shows a burst acceptance message 501 sentto access controller which performs the processing steps 413 requiredduring the soft handoff. These processing steps will be described inmore detail in later paragraphs with reference to FIGS. 6, 7 and 8.After processing, access controller sends a data burst assignmentcommand, step 503, to both base stations and they send the data burstassignment message 415 to the requesting mobile station.

Autonomous Access Control

With reference to FIG. 6, we describe our autonomous access controlfeature of the present invention. As described in step 411 above, themobile station provides pilot strength measurements (e.g., PMRM) in theaccess request. If the host's load condition is too close to apredetermined load level, step 600, then a retry delay command is sent,in step 600a. If the host load condition permits a burst access, but themobile is in a soft handoff, step 601, then the access controller limitsthe mobile to the basic data rate B (i.e., multiplier m=1). The burstassignment message, step 605, permitting a data rate of m times thebasic rate B is sent to the requesting mobile. If the host loadcondition permits burst access and the mobile is not in soft handoff,then step 607 is performed. In step 607, the base station pilot strengthmeasurements for all neighbors, `i`, are determined. The pilot strengthmeasurement P/z_(i) (PMRM of 411) is formed for all base stations `i` inthe neighbor list, where P is the known transmission power level of thebase stations and z_(i) is the path loss or radio distance. If P/z_(i)is below a high rate data access threshold T_(hra), it indicates thatthe mobile will not cause any excess interference to neighbor basestations and the mobile is permitted (step 609) to transmit a rate whichis the minimum of the requested multiple M or the maximum multipleM_(R). (The mobile and the base station can locally generate the M codesneeded for the multiple rate transmissions using subcode concatenationin MC-CDMA as described in the previously referenced patent). In step605, the access controller sends the burst assignment message to therequesting mobile.

The threshold T_(hra) is chosen such that the total interferencereceived from a requesting mobile at any neighbor base station is lessthan I₀. Note that to accommodate high rate data users the system maylimit the number of voice users N_(v) to be smaller than the maximumpermissible in a voice-only system. There is a tradeoff between raisingT_(hra) and increasing N_(v), the number of voice users per cell.

If it is determined that the requesting mobile is to be permitted totransmit at the high rate, the base station may have to schedule theburst transmission. Since the load and interference situation may betime varying, the decision to permit is valid only for a period of timeQ that depends on system load, shadow fading dynamics, and usermobility. This time Q corresponds to L frame durations. The base stationchecks its list of scheduled bursts and adds the requesting mobile tothe list if it is shorter than L frames.

If any one of the neighbor base station pilot strengths (P/z_(i)) instep 607 is determined to be higher than the threshold T_(hra), themobile is permitted only to transmit at the basic rate B, step 603. Highrate access will not be allowed for the requesting mobile until allneighbor base station pilot strengths are found to be below T_(hra).Note that the soft handoff decisions are made separately. The softhandoff add and drop thresholds T_(add) and T_(drop) will typically belarger than the high rate data access threshold T_(hra). Consequently,as previously discussed in step 601, mobiles in soft handoff will onlybe allowed to transmit at the basic rate B (i.e., m=1). Conversely, anytransmission at basic rate B requires no demand assignment.

This autonomous access control is attractive for its simplicity, but ithas some limitations. For example, mobiles may be in soft handoff in asignificant portion of the coverage area. Schemes that permit higherrate access even during soft handoff are presented hereinafter.

Enhanced Autonomous Access Control

With reference to FIG. 7, we describe our enhanced autonomous accesscontrol feature. The previously described autonomous access controlpermits only two selection data rates, namely a basic rate (m=1, step603) and a high rate, which is the minimum of the requested rate M orthe system's maximum rate M_(R) (step 609). The enhanced autonomousaccess control feature creates multiple thresholds which increase thecoverage area for higher rate data users such that rates two, three, . .. times (even non-integer multiples) higher than the basic rate B can beassigned. Thus, data users requesting higher data rates are usuallyassigned a higher data rate when they are more centrally located intheir cell and assigned succeedingly lower data rates as they approach acell boundary.

In steps 700 and 700a, the host cell's load condition check is performedin the same manner as in steps 600 and 600a. If the mobile (e.g., MS1.1)is in soft handoff, then step 703 and step 705 are performed in the samemanner as steps 603 and 605. However, if the mobile is not in softhandoff, then the access controller selects a data rate using step 707.In step 707, the maximum pilot strength P/z_(i) from all base stations`i` in the neighborhood is determined from the set of pilot strengthmeasurements reported by mobile MS1.1, in step 411. The accesscontroller compares the maximum pilot strength with a set of thresholds{T_(m), m=0, 1, . . . M_(R) }, where T_(m) >T_(m+1), as shown in FIG.10. Each threshold T_(m) corresponds to a different permitted data ratemultiple m. For consistency, T₀ =P and T_(M).sbsb.R =T_(hra). If anyneighbor's pilot strength P/z_(i) is not below the threshold T₁, thenthe mobile MS1.1 is permitted by its base station BS1 only to access thebasic rate B (m=1), as shown in step 703. If the maximum of pilotstrength P/z_(i) is between T_(m) and T_(m-1), then the data ratemultiple m is selected as shown in FIG. 10, so that the interference atany neighbor cell's base station is less than I₀. Again, in step 709,the access controller selects the data rate multiple m to be no greaterthan the system limit M_(R) and the requested multiple M. In step 705,the burst assignment message 503 includes the rate multiple m. Asbefore, the base station checks its list of scheduled bursts and addsthe mobile to its request list, if the list is shorter than L frames,and transmits the assignment message 415 to the mobile. If the scheduledlist is longer than the threshold L, the mobile is told in message 415to retry later.

On the other hand, if in step 707 any neighbor's pilot strength is abovethe T₁ threshold, then it means that a high rate transmission from thatmobile MS1.1 may cause excessive interference in that neighbor's cell.Consequently, the mobile is restricted to the base rate (m=1) as shownin step 703.

The present invention enables an access controller, either centrallylocated or located at one or more base stations, e.g., BS1, toautonomously determine the largest value of `m`, corresponding to `m`times the basic rate B, at which the mobile MS1.1 may transmit whilesatisfying the following interference constraint:

    αN.sub.v (1+γ.sup.s)αmγ.sub.d.sup.s (z.sub.1,z.sub.2)≦I.sub.0.sup.s,                   (5)

where γ_(d) ^(s) (z₁,z₂)=1 for the host cell. Thresholds {T_(m) } aredefined to satisfy Equation 5 for bit rate multiples m=1, 2, . . . ; upto M_(R). Again, mobiles in soft handoff will be only allowed totransmit at basic rate (m=1); which requires no extra negotiations amongcells involved in the handoff.

This enhanced scheme of FIG. 7 requires little additional complexity ascompared to the single threshold scheme of FIG. 6.

With reference to FIG. 9, there is shown a graph of how allowed datarates for a mobile user in a cell with 25 voice users vary as a functionof the distance to the base station, assuming 21 voice users are in thehandoff cell. FIG. 9 shows that these multiple thresholds 901-904 arequite close to each other and may not be distinguishable within thenoisy pilot strength measurements; and the drop off from acceptableinterference at m times the basic rate B (902-904) to basic rate B (901)is quite rapid in terms of the normalized distance from the basestation.

Neighbor Coordinated Access Control

With reference to FIG. 8, we describe our neighbor coordinated accesscontrol feature. Neither of the schemes above account for instantaneousloading in the neighbor cells. As discussed in the following paragraphs,light loading in neighbor cells can be exploited to permit higher rateaccess while still meeting the interference constraint I₀ ^(s).

When a mobile MS1.1 is connected to a single base station BS1, the rateassignment decision in response to a high data rate access request, 411,is facilitated if the load at the neighbor cells is known, 802, to thebase station BS1. In step 803, the base station computes the mean loadN_(v). In step 805, instead of fixed thresholds, the base station BS1makes rate assignment decisions by determining the smallest `m` thatsatisfies the following inequality for all neighbor base stations anditself:

    α(N.sub.v.sup.i +N.sub.v γ.sup.s)+mγ.sub.d.sup.s (z.sub.1,z.sub.i)≦I.sub.0.sup.s,                   (6)

where N_(v) is the average number of voice users per cell in theneighborhood, N_(v) ^(i) is the number of voice calls in cell `i` andz_(i) is the "radio distance" of the data user to base station of cell`i`, where `i` is the index of the neighbor list. The host cellcorresponds to i=1. Actually, for each neighbor cell, the value N_(v)^(i) should be considered as the "load in terms of equivalent" voicecalls. By choosing the smallest `m` that satisfies Equation 6 (step 805)for all neighbor cells `i`, we ensure that the admission of a burst at`m` times the basic rate B will not cause excessive interference at anyneighbor. In this case, the only communication required is for theneighbor cells to periodically provide updates, step 802, of theircurrent load. In step 807, the multiple `m` is selected to be theminimum of m_(i), M and M_(R). In step 809, if the mobile is not in softhandoff, then, as before, if the scheduled list is shorter than Lframes, the rate assignment and burst parameters are provided to themobile, step 811; otherwise, the mobile is told in step 811 to retry.

When the mobile is in soft handoff, in step 809, the access request(that includes pilot strength measurements) is received by all theconnected base stations. Again, the simplest strategy is to let themobile transmit only at the basic rate (without access control) when itis in soft handoff. To permit higher data rates in soft handoff, moresophisticated coordination between neighbor base stations is necessary.Each base station performs similar computations as in step 805 todetermine the maximum permitted rate `m`, the permitted burst length andthe earliest starting time. However, instead of transmitting thisassignment to the mobile, this information is forwarded, in step 813, tothe access controller located at the "primary" base station or at thecentral switch (190 of FIG. 1). The controller 190 compares theassignment made by each of the base stations, and then chooses theminimum of the rate assignments and burst lengths proposed by the softhandoff cells and the last of the proposed starting times. It thencreates the assignment message (503 of FIG. 5) and transmits it to themobile in soft handoff (step 415 of FIG. 5). If any one of the basestations indicates that its scheduled list is long and the mobile mustretry, then a retry message is sent out to the mobile in step 415. Notethat because the controller 190 must choose the minimum of the ratesallowed by the different cells and the last of the starting times, caremust be taken to avoid compromising channel utilization efficiency inthe cells involved in the soft handoff.

When the present invention is implemented as a MC-CDMA system with LIDA,it offers the following features:

It provides data services at high access bandwidths with minimal changesto the IS-95 air interface and the IS-99 data standard (up to 56 kbpsfor IS-99-based CDMA and related standards).

It is well suited for use with sub-code concatenation, as described inthe previously referenced patent.

The high bandwidth demand assignment per burst is based on load andchannel conditions.

Access control in the network ensures priority for voice and other highpriority users.

It uses transmitter oriented codes with dedicated receivers perconnection.

It sacrifices (some) Forward Error Correction (FEC) in favor ofretransmission using ARQ to reduce E_(b) /N₀ requirement, and increasecapacity.

Although our control scheme provides high rate access using MC-CDMA, thecontrol scheme, LIDA, presented is transparent and thus equallyapplicable to any physical layer implementation of higher data rateaccess over CDMA.

What has been described is merely illustrative of the application of theprinciples of the present invention. Other arrangements and methods canbe implemented by those skilled in the art without departing from thespirit and scope of the present invention.

We claim:
 1. In a code division multiple access system includingmultiple cells, each cell having a base station and multiple mobilestations, a method of allocating bandwidth to a mobile stationcomprising the steps of:receiving, at a base station of a first cell, adata burst request from an active mobile station of said first cellrequesting a first data rate in excess of the basic data rate (B)allocated to that mobile station, said data burst request includingpilot strength information for the base station of said first cell and abase station of at least one cell adjacent to said first cell; at anaccess controller, using the received pilot strength information todetermine an increased data rate which is to be granted to saidrequesting mobile station without causing excessive interference at saidfirst cell and said at least one adjacent cell; and transmitting a databurst assignment response from the access controller to said requestingmobile station indicating the increased data rate which has been grantedto said requesting mobile station.
 2. The method of claim 1 whereintheaccess controller compares the received pilot strength information witha threshold and wherein the increased data rate is assigned to saidrequesting mobile station when the received pilot strengths have apredetermined relationship to that threshold.
 3. The method of claim 2whereinthe pilot strength information is provided for base stations at aplurality of cells adjacent said first cell and wherein the first datarate is granted when the received pilot strength from any of the basestations at the plurality of adjacent cells, as reported by saidrequesting mobile station, does not exceed the threshold.
 4. The methodof claim 2 wherein the threshold is a high rate access threshold(T_(hra)) that is lower than soft handoff add (T_(add)) and drop(T_(drop)) thresholds.
 5. The method of claim 2 wherein the threshold isa high rate access threshold (T_(hra)) that has a predeterminedrelationship with add (T_(add)) and drop (T_(drop)) thresholds.
 6. Themethod of claim 2 further including the step of:transmitting a databurst assignment response to said requesting mobile station when anyreceived pilot strength information is above the threshold, the databurst assignment response enabling a data transmission rate at therequesting mobile station which is lower than a data rate permitted whenthe received pilot strength information is below the threshold.
 7. Themethod of claim 2 wherein the data burst assignment response indicatesthat the first data rate is denied when the pilot strength informationis above the threshold.
 8. The method of claim 1 whereinthe burstrequest includes data burst length information and wherein the databurst assignment response includes a data burst length parameterspecifying a permitted length of a data burst to the requesting mobilestation.
 9. The method of claim 4 wherein said base station includes thestep ofdetermining if the requested burst length information is to bepermitted and, when permitted, including a permitted-data-burst-lengthparameter in the data burst assignment response.
 10. The method of claim1 wherein the data burst assignment response includes retry delayinformation indicating that the requesting mobile station should retryits request at a later time.
 11. The method of claim 1 wherein the databurst assignment response includes start-delay information indicatingthat the requesting mobile station should delay its transmission for atime derived from the start-delay information.
 12. The method of claim 1further including the steps ofchecking a list of scheduled data burstsat the base station and wherein the data burst assignment responseincludes a retry later message when the list is longer than apredetermined length and a data burst permission message when the listis shorter than the predetermined length.
 13. The method of claim 1wherein the access controller is located at one or more base stationsincluding the first cell.
 14. The method of claim 1 wherein the accesscontroller is located apart from any base station.
 15. The method ofclaim 1 wherein a set of thresholds are associated with multiple databurst rates, and wherein the access controller compares received pilotstrengths from said at least one adjacent cell with the set ofthresholds to determine a data rate to be granted to said requestingmobile station.
 16. The method of claim 15 wherein the set ofthresholds, each having a data burst rate associated therewith, andwherein the access controller compares the maximum of the received pilotstrengths from said at least one adjacent cell with the set ofthresholds to determine a data rate to be granted to the requestingmobile station.
 17. The method of claim 1 further comprising the stepsof:receiving, at the access controller, a neighbor load update messageindicating load measure information at said at least one adjacent cell;at the access controller, using the received pilot strength and loadmeasure information to determine an increased data rate which can begranted to said requesting mobile station without causing excessiveinterference at said first cell and said at least one adjacent cell; andtransmitting a data burst assignment response from the access controllerto said requesting mobile station indicating the increased data ratewhich has been granted to said requesting mobile station.
 18. The methodof claim 17 further comprising the steps of:at the access controller,computing the smallest `m` that satisfies the following inequality forall neighbor base stations, `i`, α(N_(v) ^(i) +N_(v) γ^(s))+mγ_(d) ^(s)(z₁,z_(i))≦I₀ ^(s), where N_(v) is the average load in equivalent voiceusers per cell in the neighborhood, N_(v) ^(i) is the load in equivalentvoice calls in cell `i`, and z_(i) is the radio distance of the datauser to cell `i`, which is derived from the pilot measurement, and whereγ_(d) ^(s) (z₁,z_(i))=z_(i) /z₁ ; and transmitting a data burstassignment response from the access controller to said requesting mobilestation indicating a data rate mB has been granted to the requestingmobile station.
 19. The method of claim 17 wherein when a mobile stationis communicating with more than one base stations at multiple cells,atan access controller, using the received pilot strength and the loadmeasure information from each of the more than one base stations todetermine an increased data rate which can be granted to said requestingmobile station without causing excessive interference at the multiplecells and at any cell adjacent to those multiple cells; and transmittinga data burst assignment response from the access controller to saidrequesting mobile station indicating the increased data rate which hasbeen granted to said requesting mobile station.
 20. The method of claim19 wherein the access controller determines an increased data ratepermitted for each base station and selects the minimum data ratetherefrom and transmits the selected minimum data rate to saidrequesting mobile station.
 21. A code division multiple access systemincluding multiple cells, each cell having a base station and multiplemobile stations, the system comprising:receiving means, at a basestation of a first cell, receiving a data burst request from an activemobile station of said first cell requesting a first data rate in excessof the basic data rate (B) allocated to that mobile station, said databurst request including pilot strength information for the base stationof said first cell and a base station of at least one cell adjacent tosaid first cell; and an access controller, using the received pilotstrength information to determine an increased data rate which is to begranted to said requesting mobile station without causing excessiveinterference at said first cell and said at least one adjacent cell andtransmitting a data burst assignment response to said requesting mobilestation indicating the increased data rate which has been granted tosaid requesting mobile station.
 22. The code division multiple accesssystem of claim 21 whereinthe access controller compares the receivedpilot strength information with a threshold and wherein the increaseddata rate is assigned to said requesting mobile station when thereceived pilot strengths have a predetermined relationship to thatthreshold.
 23. The code division multiple access system of claim 21wherein a set of thresholds are associated with multiple data burstrates, and wherein the access controller compares received pilotstrengths from said at least one adjacent cell with the set ofthresholds to determine a data rate to be granted to said requestingmobile station.
 24. The code division multiple access system of claim 21wherein:the access controller receives a neighbor load update messageindicating load measure information at said at least one adjacent cell,uses the received pilot strength and load measure information todetermine an increased data rate which can be granted to said requestingmobile station without causing excessive interference at said first celland said at least one adjacent cell, and transmits a data burstassignment response to said requesting mobile station indicating theincreased data rate which has been granted to said requesting mobilestation.
 25. The code division multiple access system of claim 21wherein: the access controller computes the smallest `m` that satisfiesthe following inequality for all neighbor base stations, `i`, α(N_(v)^(i) +N_(v) γ^(s))+mγ_(d) ^(s) (z₁,z_(i))≦I₀ ^(s), where N_(v) is theaverage load in equivalent voice users per cell in the neighborhood,N_(v) ^(i) is the load in equivalent voice calls in cell `i`, and z_(i)is the radio distance of the data user to cell `i`, which is derivedfrom the pilot measurement, and where γ_(d) ^(s) (z₁,z_(i))=z_(i) /z₁ ;and transmits a data burst assignment response from the accesscontroller to said requesting mobile station indicating a data rate mBhas been granted to the requesting mobile station.